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After results of in vitro susceptibility testing are available, chunyakk.com regimen can be adjusted accordingly. For information on general principles used in the treatment of tuberculosis, see the Antituberculosis Agents General Statement 8: Other Mycobacterial Infections Ethionamide has been used in conjunction with other antituberculosis or anti-infective agents in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex MAC infections.
In such patients, subsequent therapy is complicated, may Looking Indocin 75 mg cheapest associated with a high incidence of adverse effects, and should be undertaken only under the Trecator of clinicians generic in handling these patients.
If an alternative agent is needed for these regimens in patients who will not accept or cannot tolerate clofazimine or in patients who cannot receive rifampin because of adverse effects, intercurrent disease e. Dosage Active Tuberculosis In the treatment of clinical tuberculosis, ethionamide should not be given alone. Therapy for tuberculosis should be continued long enough to prevent relapse. The minimum duration of treatment currently recommended for patients with culture-positive pulmonary Cheap Adalat France is 6 months 26 weeks, and recommended regimens consist of an initial intensive phase 2 months and a continuation phase Trecator either 4 or 7 months.
However, completion Order Glucophage No Prescription treatment is determined more accurately by the total number of doses and is not based solely on the duration of therapy.
The manufacturer states that initiation of therapy with a dosage of 250 mg daily, with gradual titration to optimal dosage as tolerated by the patient, also may be beneficial, Generic Trecator Sc No Rx. A regimen consisting of ethionamide buy Floxin mg generic for 1-2 days, followed by 250 mg twice daily for 1-2 days with a subsequent increase to 1 g daily in 3 or 4 divided doses, has been used.
Pediatric Dosage The manufacturer states that optimum dosage for children has not been established. Nausea and vomiting may be severe enough to necessitate discontinuance of ethionamide.
Nervous Trecator and Special Senses Effects Psychotic disturbances, mental depression, restlessness, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, postural hypotension, and asthenia occur occasionally with ethionamide. Rarely, peripheral neuritis, paresthesia, seizures, tremors, a pellagra-like syndrome, hallucinations, diplopia, optic neuritis, blurred vision, and olfactory disturbances have been reported.
Hepatitis with or without jaundice has also been reported, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus. Other Adverse Effects Hypersensitivity reactions including rash, photosensitivity, thrombocytopenia, and purpura have been reported rarely with ethionamide. Goiter, with and without hypothyroidism, has also been associated rarely with ethionamide therapy. Hypoglycemia, gynecomastia, impotence, menorrhagia, joint pain, acute rheumatic symptoms, and acne have also occurred. The management of patients with diabetes mellitus may become more difficult in those receiving ethionamide.
Ophthalmologic examinations including ophthalmoscopy should be performed prior to and periodically during therapy with ethionamide. Patients should be advised to consult their clinician if blurred vision or any loss of vision, Generic Trecator Sc No Rx, with or generic ocular pain, occurs during ethionamide therapy. Blood glucose determinations should be performed prior to and periodically during therapy with ethionamide. In particular, diabetic patients should be alert for episodes of hypoglycemia. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function tests is recommended as hypothyroidism, with or without goiter, has been reported during ethionamide therapy.
Pediatric Precautions Limited information is available on the use of ethionamide in neonates, infants, and children. Pregnancy and Lactation Safe use of ethionamide during pregnancy has not been established. The effect of ethionamide on labor and delivery in pregnant women is unknown. There is some evidence that adverse nervous system effects of ethionamide, cycloserine, and isoniazid may be additive; seizures have been reported in patients receiving concomitant therapy with ethionamide and cycloserine.
Therefore, ethionamide should be used with caution in patients receiving cycloserine or isoniazid.
Excessive ingestion of alcoholic beverages should be avoided in patients taking ethionamide because of a reported psychotic reaction associated with this situation, Generic Trecator Sc No Rx. Ethionamide is active in vitro and in vivo against M. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of ethionamide for most susceptible mycobacteria is 0.
Resistance Natural Trecator acquired resistance to ethionamide have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in strains of M. Resistant strains of generic susceptible M. When ethionamide is combined with other antituberculosis agents in the treatment of the disease, emergence of resistant strains may be delayed or prevented. There is no evidence of cross-resistance between ethionamide and other antituberculosis agents currently available in the US. Distribution Ethionamide is widely distributed into body tissues and fluids; concentrations in plasma and various organs are approximately equal.
In a study in children with tuberculous meningitis, peak concentrations of ethionamide in CSF generally occurred 1.
Ethionamide readily crosses the placenta. It is not known if ethionamide is distributed into milk. Elimination The plasma half-life of ethionamide is approximately 2-3 hours. Ethionamide is extensively metabolized to active and inactive metabolites, probably in the liver. The major active metabolite is the sulfoxide, which may be converted back to ethionamide in vivo. Chemistry and Stability Chemistry Ethionamide is a synthetic, isonicotinic acid-derivative antituberculosis agent.
The most common adverse effects are dose-related gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, excessive salivation, a metallic taste, stomatitis, and abdominal pain. Tolerance may be improved by reducing the dose, adjusting the timing of dosage, or giving an antiemetic. Mental disturbances including depression, anxiety, and psychosis have been provoked. Dizziness, Generic Trecator Sc No Rx, drowsiness, headache, postural hypotension, and asthenia may also occur occasionally.
Peripheral and optic neuropathy, diplopia and blurred vision, Generic Trecator Sc No Rx, and a pellagra-like syndrome have occurred. Pyridoxine or nicotinamide have been suggested for Trecator treatment or prevention of neurotoxic effects. Hepatitis may occur occasionally, with or without jaundice. The incidence of hepatotoxicity is increased when ethionamide is given with rifampicin. Other adverse effects reported include hypersensitivity reactions, thrombocytopenia and purpura, alopecia, dermatitis including photodermatitis, endocrine disturbances, hypoglycaemia, and hypothyroidism with or without goitre.
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